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Containing group: Embryophytes

Other Names for Spermatopsida

• Seed Plants

References

Bowe, L. M., G. Coat, and C. W. dePamphilis. 2000. Phylogeny of seed plants based on all three genomic compartments: Extant gymnosperms are monophyletic and Gnetales' closest relatives are conifers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 97:4092-4097.

Chaw S.-M., C. L. Parkinson, Y. Cheng, T. M. Vincent, and J. D. Palmer. 2000. Seed plant phylogeny inferred from all three plant genomes: monophyly of extant gymnosperms and origin of Gnetales from conifers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 97:4086-4086.

Donoghue, M. J. 1994. Progress and prospects in reconstructing plant phylogeny. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 81:405-418.

Donoghue, M. J. and J. A. Doyle. 2000. Seed plant phylogeny: Demise of the anthophyte hypothesis? Current Biology 10:R106-R109.

Doyle, J. A. 1996. Seed plant phylogeny and the relationships of Gnetales. International Journal of Plant Sciences 157:S3-S39.

Doyle, J. A. 1998. Molecules, morphology, fossils, and the relationship of angiosperms and Gnetales. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 9:448-462.

Chaw, S. M., C. L. Parkinson, Y. C. Cheng, T. M. Vincent, and J. D. Palmer. 2000. Seed plant phylogeny inferred from all three plant genomes: Monophyly of extant gymnosperms and origin of Gnetales from conifers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 97:4086-4091.

Judd, W. S., C. S. Campbell, E. A. Kellogg, P. F. Stevens, and M. J. Donoghue. 2002. Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach. Second Edition. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, MA.

Rydin, C., M. Källersjö, and E. M. Friist. 2002. Seed plant relationships and the systematic position of Gnetales based on nuclear and chloroplast DNA: Conflicting data, rooting problems, and the monophyly of conifers. International Journal of Plant Sciences 163:197-214.

Sanderson, M. J., M. F. Wojciechowski, J. M. Hu, T. S. Khan, and S. G. Brady. 2000. Error, bias, and long-branch attraction in data for two chloroplast photosystem genes in seed plants. Molecular Biology and Evolution 17:782-797.

Schmidt, M. and H. A. W. Schneider-Poetsch. 2002. The evolution of gymnosperms redrawn by phytochrome genes: The Gnetatae appear at the base of the gymnosperms. Journal of Molecular Evolution 54:715-724.

Soltis, D. S., P. S. Soltis, and M. J. Zanis. 2002. Phylogeny of seed plants based on evidence from eight genes. American Journal of Botany 89:1670-1681.

Winter K.-U., A. Becker, T. Munster, J. T. Kim, H. Saedler, and G. Thiessen. 1999. The MADS-box genes reveal that gnetophytes are more closely related to conifers than to flowering plants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 96:7342-7347.

Information on the Internet

• International Plant Names Index (IPNI)
• World Checklist and Bibliography Series. An inventory of taxonomically validated seed plant names and associated bibliographic details, together with an annotated selection of relevant literature for individual genera as well as the family as a whole (under construction). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
• Dendrome. A forest tree genome database.
• Gymnosperm Database
• The cycad pages
• The Ginkgo biloba pages