Embryophytes

Other Names for Embryophytes

• Embryophyta
• Vernacular Names: Land Plants

References

Donoghue, M. J. 1994. Progress and prospects in reconstructing plant phylogeny. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 81:405-418.

Doyle, J. A. 1998. Phylogeny of vascular plants. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29:567-599.

Duff, R. J. and D. L. Nickrent. 1999. Phylogenetic relationships of land plants using mitochondrial small-subunit rDNA sequences. American Journal of Botany 86:372-386.

Judd, W. S., C. S. Campbell, E. A. Kellogg, P. F. Stevens, and M. J. Donoghue. 2002. Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach. Second Edition. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, MA.

Kenrick, P. and P. R. Crane. 1997. The origin and early evolution of plants on land. Nature 389:33-39.

Kranz, H. D. and V. A. R. Huss. 1996. Molecular evolution of pteridophytes and their relationship to seed plants: Evidence from complete 18S rRNA gene sequences. Plant Systematics and Evolution 202:1-11.

Nickrent, D. L., C. L. Parkinson, J. D. Palmer, and R. J. Duff. 2000. Multigene phylogeny of land plants with special reference to bryophytes and the earliest land plants. Molecular Biology and Evolution 17:1885-1895.

Pryer, K. M., H. Schneider, A. R. Smith, R. Cranfill, P. G. Wolf, J. S. Hunt, and S. D. Sipes. 2001. Horsetails and ferns are a monophyletic group and the closest living relatives to seed plants. Nature 409:618-622.

Qiu, Y. L., Y. R. Cho, J. C. Cox, and J. D. Palmer. 1998. The gain of three mitochondrial introns identifies liverworts as the earliest land plants. Nature 394:671-674.

Renzaglia, K. S., R. J. Duff, D. L. Nickrent, and D. J. Garbary. 2000. Vegetative and reproductive innovations of early land plants: implications for a unified phylogeny. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B 355:769-793.

Rothwell, G. W. 1999. Fossils and ferns in the resolution of land plant phylogeny. Botanical Review 65:188-218.

Soltis, P. S., D. E. Soltis, V. Savolainen, P. R. Crane, and T. G. Barraclough. 2002. Rate heterogeneity among lineages of tracheophytes: Integration of molecular and fossil data and evidence for molecular living fossils. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 99:4430-4435.

Soltis, P. S., D. E. Soltis, P. G. Wolf, D. L. Nickrent, S.-M. Chaw, and R. L. Chapman. 1999. The phylogeny of land plants inferred from 18S rDNA sequences: Pushing the limits of rDNA signal? Molecular Biology and Evolution 16:1774-1784.

Information on the Internet

• Internet directory for Botany: Vascular Plant Families
• Land Plants Online. Dan Nickrent and Karen Renzaglia, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale.
• Vascular Plant Families and Genera. Compiled by R. K. Brummitt and published by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew in 1992.
• Kew Record of Taxonomic Literature. A database of references relevant to the taxonomy of flowering plants, gymnosperms and ferns.
• Index Nominum Supragenericorum Plantarum Vascularium. University of Maryland.
• Vascular Plant Family Nomenclature. James L. Reveal, University of Maryland.
• Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) Taxonomy. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.

• Vascular Plant Image Gallery. Texas A&M University. Bioinformatics Working Group.
• Albion College Vascular Plant Image Gallery

• Flora of North America
• A Synonymized Checklist of the Vascular Flora of the United States, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands.
• Flora Mesoamericana
• Atlas Florae Europaeae
• Flora of China
• Biflora database of plants. A scientific database with information about the highly endangered plant species of the island of Hainan, P.R. China.
• Conspectus of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar. Missouri Botanical Garden.
• Flora of the Hawaiian Islands. Smithsonian Institution.
• Calflora. Information on California plants for conservation, research, and education.
• Southeastern Rare Plant Information Network (SERPIN).
• Digital Flora of Texas
• Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants
• Wisconsin Vascular Plants
• Atlas of the Vascular Plants of Utah
• Atlas of the Vascular Plants of Wyoming
• Checklist of Online Vegetation and Plant Distribution Maps. Compiled by Claire Englander and Philip Hoehn.

• Plant Fossil Record database (PFR). International Organisation of Palaeobotany (IOP).
• Links for Palaeobotanists
• The Rhynie Chert and its Flora. Forschungsstelle für Paläobotanik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster.