Oh my goodness! Unless you are a Tree of Life developer, you really shouldn't be here. This page is part of our beta test site, where we develop new features for the ToL, often messing up a thing or two in the process. Please visit the official version of this page, which is available here.
Under Construction

Loliolus Steenstrup, 1856

Michael Vecchione
Click on an image to view larger version & data in a new window
Click on an image to view larger version & data in a new window
Loliolus has six species placed into two subgenera.
taxon links [down<--]Loliginidae Interpreting the tree
close box

This tree diagram shows the relationships between several groups of organisms.

The root of the current tree connects the organisms featured in this tree to their containing group and the rest of the Tree of Life. The basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree. This ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups, which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right.

example of a tree diagram

You can click on the root to travel down the Tree of Life all the way to the root of all Life, and you can click on the names of descendent subgroups to travel up the Tree of Life all the way to individual species.

For more information on ToL tree formatting, please see Interpreting the Tree or Classification. To learn more about phylogenetic trees, please visit our Phylogenetic Biology pages.

close box
Type species.-- Loliolus hardwickei (Gray) [Note: according to Lu et al. (1985), Steenstrup's originally designated type species, L. typus Steenstrup 1856 = Loligo hardwickei Gray 1849].
Containing group: Loliginidae

Introduction

These are generally small squids with heart-shaped fins.

Brief diagnosis:

A loliginid ...

Characteristics

  1. Arms
    1. Arm sucker rings with square plate-like teeth on margin.
      Click on an image to view larger version & data in a new window
      Click on an image to view larger version & data in a new window

      Figure. Oral view of large arm III suckers of L. hardwickei, 33 mm ML, male. The left sucker is from the dorsal series and the right sucker from its pair in the ventral series. Drawings from Lu, et al. (1985).

    2. Hectocotylus:
      1. Ventral crest present, formed by fusion of protective membrane with ventral row of papillae such that original form of conical papillae completely obscured (see below).
      Click on an image to view larger version & data in a new window
      Click on an image to view larger version & data in a new window

      Figure. Top - Aboral-medial view of the hectocotylus of Loliolus (Loliolus) hardwickei showing the crest that reaches the full length of the arm, male, off Madras, India, preserved. Photograph by R. Young. Bottom - Oral-lateral view of the hectocotylus of L. (L.) hardwickei showing the crest, male, 33 mm ML, Indian Ocean south of Calcutta. Drawing from Lu et al. (1985).

  2. Tentacles
    1. Tentacular clubs expanded, suckers in four series.

  3. Mantle
    1. Mantle rounded posteriorly; without tail-like elongation.

  4. Fins
    1. Fins extend to posterior tip of mantle.
      Click on an image to view larger version & data in a new window
      Click on an image to view larger version & data in a new window

      Figure. Dorsal view of L. (L.) hardwickei, 33 mm ML, male. Drawing from Lu, et al. (1985).

  5. Photophores
    1. Photophores absent.

  6. Viscera
    1. Eggs small.
    2. Spermatophore cement body short.

comments

Hectocotylization includes a crest along a portion of the ventral surface of the arm and a modification of part of the dorsal row of suckers into papillae. Modification of the proximal portion of the hectocotylus varies between subgenera. In Loliolus (Loliolus) the modified portion of the hectocotylus occupies the entire length of the arm whereas in Loliolus (Nipponololigo) some proximal suckers are unmodified.

Click on an image to view larger version & data in a new window
Click on an image to view larger version & data in a new window

Figure. Oral view of the hectocotylus of Loliolus (Nipponololigo) japonica showing the crest restricted to the distal region of the arm, male, Hakkodate fish market. Photograph by R. Young.

Click on an image to view larger version & data in a new window
Click on an image to view larger version & data in a new window

Figure. Oral (top) and medial (bottom) views of a portion of the hectocotylus crest of L. (N.) japonica, same hectocotylus as pictured above. Photographs by R. Young.

Nomenclature

Steenstrup (1856) erected the genus Loliolus for his new species typus. Lu et al. (1985) showed that L. typus is a junior synonym for Loligo hardwickei Gray, 1849, making the latter species the type for the genus Loliolus.

Because the percentage of the arm hectocotylized is considered to be a cline within this group of species with otherwise similar hectocotyli and arm-sucker dentition, Loliolus and Nipponololigo were combined by Vecchione et al. (1998) into a single genus that, by priority, is named Loliolus.

Discussion of Phylogenetic Relationships

Loliolus was originally erected to include species of small loliginids with heart-shaped fins in which the entire left ventral arm of the males is modified. However, as discussed by Brakoniecki (1986), clines exist in the percentage of the arm hectocotylized within species groups with similar hectocotyli. Thus, this character state is not sufficient for generic status. The presence, though, of a distinctive character, a ventral crest on the hectocotylus formed by fusion of the protective membrane with the ventral row of papillae such that the original form of the conical papillae is completely obscured, indicates a close relationship among these species (Natsukari, 1983).

Distribution

The species in this genus are all found in the Indo-West Pacific.

References

Brakoniecki, T.F. 1986. A Generic Revision of the Family Loliginidae (Cephalopoda; Myopsida) Based Primarily on the Comparative Morphology of the Hectocotylus. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA. 163 pages.

Lu, C.C., C.F.E. Roper, and R.W. Tait. 1985. A Revision of Loliolus (Cephalopoda; Loliginidae), including L. noctiluca, a new species of squid from Australian waters. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, 97(2):59-85.

Natsukari, Y. 1983. Taxonomical and morphological studies on the loliginid squids--III. Nipponololigo, a new subgenus of the genus Loligo. Venus, The Japanese Journal of Malacology, 42(4):313-318.

Vecchione, M., T. F. Brakoniecki, Y. Natsukari and R. T. Hanlon. 1998. A provisional generic classification of the family Loliginidae. Smithson. Contr. Zool., 586.

Vecchione, M., E. Shea, S. Bussarawit, F. Anderson, D. Alexeyev, C.-C. Lu, T. Okutani, M. Roeleveld, C. Chotiyaputta, C. Roper, E. Jorgensen and N. Sukramongkol. 2005. Systematics of Indo-West Pacific loliginids. Phuket Mar. Biol. Cent. Res. Bull. 66: 23-26.

Title Illustrations
Click on an image to view larger version & data in a new window
Click on an image to view larger version & data in a new window
Scientific Name Loliolus hardwickei
Location off Madras, India
Specimen Condition Preserved
Sex Male
View Ventral
Image Use creative commons This media file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License - Version 3.0.
Copyright ©
About This Page


National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D. C. , USA

Page: Tree of Life Loliolus Steenstrup, 1856. Authored by Michael Vecchione. The TEXT of this page is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License - Version 3.0. Note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license, and they may or may not be available for reuse. Click on an image or a media link to access the media data window, which provides the relevant licensing information. For the general terms and conditions of ToL material reuse and redistribution, please see the Tree of Life Copyright Policies.

Citing this page:

Vecchione, Michael. 2008. Loliolus Steenstrup, 1856. Version 04 March 2008 (under construction). http://tolweb.org/Loliolus/19859/2008.03.04 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/

edit this page
close box

This page is a Tree of Life Branch Page.

Each ToL branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the Tree of Life. The major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the Tree of Life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches, that is, subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages.

For a more detailed explanation of the different ToL page types, have a look at the Structure of the Tree of Life page.

close box

Loliolus

Page Content

articles & notes

collections

people

Explore Other Groups

random page

  go to the Tree of Life home page
top