Heteroptera

Discussion of Phylogenetic Relationships

Tree from Schuh (1979); and Schuh and Polhemus (1980).
 

Tree modified from Zrzavy (1992):

Tree modified from Manher (1993); Shcherbakov and Popov (2002):
 

Other Names for Heteroptera

• heteropterans
• bugs
• True bugs

References

Andersen, N. M. 1982. The Semiaquatic Bugs (Hemiptera, Gerromorpha) Phylogeny, Adaptations, Biogeography and Classification. Entomonograph vol. 3, Klampanborg, Denmark.

Bourgoin, T. 1986. Morphological value of the maxillary plate in the Hemiptera: Phylogenetic remarks. Annales De La Societe Entomologique De France 22(4): 413-422.

Carver, M., G.F. Gross and T.E. Woodward. 1991. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, cicadas, aphids, scale insects etc.). Pages 429-509 in The Insects of Australia. I.D. Naumann, ed. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, Australia.

Cobben, R. H. 1968,1978. Evolutionary trends in Heteroptera. Parts 1,2. Wageningen, Netherlands.

Dolling, W. R. 1991. The Hemiptera. Oxford University Press, London: 274 pp.

Drake, C. J. and Ruhoff, F. A. 1965. Lace bugs of the world: a catalogue (Hemiptera: Tingidae. Smithsonian Institution, Washington: 634 pp.

Henry, T.J. & R.C.Froeschner, eds. 1988. Catalog of the Heteroptera, or True Bugs, of Canada and the Continental United States. E. J. Brill, Leiden.

Horvath, Geza. 1927. General catalogue of the Hemiptera. Smith College Pub, Northhampton, Mass: Vol 23.

Manher, M. 1993. Systema Cryptoceratorum Phylogeneticum

(Insecta, Heteroptera). Zoologica 48 (143): 1-302.

Miller, N. C. E., 1956, Biology of the Heteroptera. Methuen, London

Parshley, H. M. 1925. A bibliography of North American Hemiptera-Heteroptera. Smith College Pub., Northhampton, Mass.: 252 pp.

Schaefer, C.W. 1990. The Hemiptera of North America: what we do and do not know. Pages 105-118 in Systematics of the North American insects and arachnids: status and needs. Contribution No. 3 to the National Biological Survey. Info. Ser. 90-1. Kosztarab, M., Schafer, C.W. . eds. Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Blacksburg.

Schaefer, C. W. (ed.) 1996. Studies on Hemipteran Phylogeny. Proceedings of Thomas Say Publications in Entomology, Entomological Society of America, Lanham, Maryland.

Schuh, R. T. 1979. Review of Cobben, Evolutionary trends in Heteroptera. Syst.Zool. 28:653-656.

Schuh, R. T. 1986, The influence of cladistics on heteropteran classification. Annual Review of Entomology 31: 67-94.

Schuh, R. T. and P. Stys. 1991. Phylogenetic analysis of cimicomorphan family relationships (Heteroptera). Journal Of The New York Entomological Society 99(3): 298-350.

Schuh, R.T. and J.A. Slater. 1995. True Bugs of the World (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Classification and Natural History. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York. xii + 336 pp.

Schuh, R.T., C. Weirauch, and W.C. Wheeler. 2009. Phylogenetic relationships within the Cimicomorpha (Hemiptera: Heteroptera): a total-evidence analysis. Systematic Entomology 34: 15-48.

Shcherbakov, D.E. and Y.A. Popov. 2002. Superorder Cimicidea Laicharting, 1781. Order Hemiptera Linné, 1758. The bugs, cicadas, plantlice, scale insects, etc. (= Cimicida Laicharting, 1781, = Homoptera Leach, 1815 + Heteroptera Latreille, 1810). pp. 143-157. In: Rasnitsyn, A. P.; Quicke, D. L. J. (eds.). History of Insects. Kluwer Academic Publishers, the Netherlands. 517 p.

Slater, J. A. & R. M. Baranowski, 1978. How to Know the True Bugs (Hemiptera - Heteroptera). Brown, Dubuque.

Stys, P. 1996. Some groundplan characters of the Heteroptera. Pages 111-118 in Studies on Hemipteran Phylogeny. C. W. Schaefer, ed. Proceedings of Thomas Say Publications in Entomology, Entomological Society of America, Lanham, Maryland.

Stys, P. and Kerzhner, 1975. The rank and nomenclature of higher taxa in recent Heteroptera. Acta Entomologica Bohemoslovaca 72: 64-79.

Torre-Bueno, J. R. 1939. A synopsis of the Hemiptera-Heteroptera of America north of Mexico. Brooklin Entomological Society, Brooklin, New York: 122 pp.

Vasarhelyi, T. 1987. On the relationships of the eight aradid subfamilies (Heteroptera). Acta Zoologica Hungarica 33(1-2): 263-268.

Vasquez, M. and T. Lopez. 1999. Filogenia de Heteroptera (Phylogeny of Heteroptera). Boletin de la SEA 26:427-434.

Wheeler, W.C., R.T. Schuh, and R. Bang. 1993. Cladistic relationships among higher groups of Heteroptera: congruence between morphological and molecular data sets. Entomologica Scandinavica 24:121-137.

Wootton, R. J. and C. R. Betts. 1986. Homology and function in the wings of Heteroptera. Systematic Entomology 11(3): 389-400.

Wygodzinsky, P. W. and K. Schmidt. 1991. Revision of the New World Enicocephalomorpha (Heteroptera). Bulletin of The American Museum of Natural History 200: 1-265.

Zrzavy, J. 1992. Evolution of antennae and historical ecology of the hemipteran insects (Paraneoptera). Acta Entomologica Bohemoslovaca 89(2): 77-86.

Zrzavy, J. 1992. Morphogenesis of antennal exoskeleton in Heteroptera (Insecta): From phylogenetic to ontogenic pattern. Acta Entomologica Bohemoslovaca 89(3): 205-216.

Information on the Internet

• Checklist of the Heteroptera of Europe
• Checklist of the Heteroptera of New Zealand